Mainstreaming, resonance, and impersonal impact : Testing moderators of the cultivation effect for estimates of crime risk

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Crime Cultivation: Comparisons Across Media Genres and Channels (2007, background): “The idea to distinguish between first- and second-order estimates originates from theoretical discussions by Hawkins and Pingree (1982) and further explication and testing by several scholars (e.g., Gross & Aday, 2003; Potter, 1991; Shrum, 2004; Shrum & Bischak, 2001).”
Media, Gender, and Fear of Crime (2015, background): “This approach is justified by media reception research that posits audience characteristics such as gender and age moderate the influence of media messages (e.g., Morgan & Shanahan, 1997; Shrum & Bischak, 2001).”
Media Effects on Body Image: Examining Media Exposure in the Broader Context of Internal and Other Social Factors (2012, background): “According to Shrum and Bischak (2001), resonance broadens the reach of existing stereotypes on television (such as stereotypes of thin female protagonists).”
Media Exposure and Exemplar Accessibility (2003, result): “…called “resonance”, or a “double dose” of a construct (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, & Signorielli, 1980, p. 15), and is consistent with recent findings regarding the interaction of television viewing and direct experience with crime on perceptions of crime and violence (Shrum & Bischak, 2001).”
A YEAR IN THE LIFE OF THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALE IN ADVERTISING: A Content Analysis (2006, background): “The portrayals may also influence their social reality (Shrum 1996; Tapper 1995).”