A Test of Objectification Theory: The Effect of the Male Gaze on Appearance Concerns in College Women

By Rachel M. Calogero. 2004

381 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Clinical Psychology, Gender Studies, Museology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cb3dd6eb5993b79fc38159b0051c263a03a8a6be

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Citations in the corpus

Testing a Culture-Specific Extension of Objectification Theory Regarding African American Women's Body Image (2008, background): “During the past decade, a body of empirical literature has demonstrated support for several main tenets of the theory (e.g., Calogero, 2004; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004; Tiggemann & Slater, 2001; Tylka & Hill, 2004).”
The Relationship of Yoga, Body Awareness, and Body Responsiveness to Self-Objectification and Disordered Eating (2005, background): “First, four experimental studies manipulated self-objectification in the laboratory and found that a self-objectified state increases feelings of shame and other negative emotions (Calogero, 2004; Fredrickson et al., 1998; Gapinski, Brownell, & LaFrance, 2003; Roberts & Gettman, 2004), reduces perfo”
Body on My Mind: The Lingering Effect of State Self-objectification (2006, background): “Previous researchers who manipulated state self-objectification have shown that one of the strongest outcomes of self-objectification is the experience of shame—both general shame and body specific shame ( Calogero, 2004; Fredrickson et al., 1998; Quinn et al., 2006).”
The Role of Self-Objectification in the Experience of Women with Eating Disorders (2005, background): “…a disrupted flow of consciousness, diminished awareness of internal bodily states, depression, sexual dysfunction, and disordered eating (Calogero, 2004; Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998; Roberts, 2004; Slater & Tiggemann, 2002; Tiggemann &…”
Gender, Pubertal Development, and Peer Sexual Harassment Predict Objectified Body Consciousness in Early Adolescence (2007, background): “In fact, merely anticipating a male gaze increases body shame in undergraduate women (Calogero, 2004).”
Sexual Objectification in Music Videos: A Content Analysis Comparing Gender and Genre (2011, background): “Women who self-objectify have been shown to be at greater risk not only for negative feelings toward their bodies (e.g., Calogero, 2004; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998; Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001) but also for mental health problems such as depression and disordered eating (e.g., Noll & Fredrickson, 1998;…”
Tests of Objectification Theory in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Community Samples: Mixed Evidence for Proposed Pathways (2011, methodology): “Selfobjectification (or body surveillance) has been linked via correlational studies with body shame (Calogero et al. 2005; Kozee and Tylka 2006; Kozee et al. 2007; McKinley Sex Roles (2011) 65:518–532”
Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions (2008, background): “In two additional studies with predominantly White participants, self-objectification was heightened by using sentence priming to elicit objectifying words (Roberts & Gettman, 2004) or by leading women to believe that they were going to interact with a male stranger (Calogero, 2004).”
Self-Objectification, Disordered Eating, and Depression (2011, background): “…there are indeed strong correlations between self-objectification and a number of negative outcomes for women, including body shame and social physique anxiety (Calogero, 2004) as well as eating disorder symptoms and depression (e.g., Calogero, Davis, & Thompson, 2005; Szymanski & Henning, 2007).”
Media Exposure, Extracurricular Activities, and Appearance-Related Comments as Predictors of Female Adolescents’ Self-Objectification (2015, background): “’’ Experimental studies have examined the effect of situations that heighten sexual objectification by, for example, trying on a swimsuit in front of a mirror (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998), exposure to a sexualised gaze (Calogero, 2004; Gervais, Vescio, & Allen, 2011), or overh”
Sexual Self-Esteem in American and British College Women: Relations with Self-Objectification and Eating Problems (2009, methodology): “A phenomenological measure of body shame has been used in previous research to circumvent the difficulty of assessing shame directly ( Calogero 2004; Fredrickson et al. 1998; Tangney et al. 1996), and includes items such as “I wish I were invisible” or “I wish I could disappear.” The same rationale”
Assessing the Role of Body Image Coping Strategies as Mediators or Moderators of the Links Between Self-Objectification, Body Shame, and Well-Being (2009, background): “The sexual objectification of women in Western culture is extensive (Calogero 2004; Kilborne 2002; Stankiewicz and Rosselli 2008; Swim et al. 2001).”
Complimentary Weightism: The Potential Costs of Appearance-Related Commentary for Women's Self-Objectification (2009, background): “Trait and state levels of SO predict a variety of negative outcomes, including increased body shame (Calogero, 2004; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998), appearance anxiety (Roberts & Gettman, 2004; Tiggemann & Slater, 2001), suppression of internal bodily cues (Myers & Crowther, 2008; Tylka & Hill, 2004),…”
Sexualized Avatars Lead to Women’s Self-Objectification and Acceptance of Rape Myths (2015, background): “process of self-objectification has been tied to disordered eating (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998; Slater & Tiggemann, 2002), depression (Grabe & Jackson, 2009; Muehlenkamp & SarisBaglama, 2002), body preoccupation (Quinn, Kallen, & Cathey, 2006), body shame (Calogero, 2004), and decreased cognitive perf”