Conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women

By G. Burdge, S. Wootton. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002

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Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. (2007, methodology): “01% of labeled linolenic acid (18:3n 3) was converted to DHA as measured in plasma (110, 111), although there is evidence that conversion is greater in women (112).”
Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. (2005, background): “DHA synthesis was almost 3-fold greater in women using an oral contraceptive pill containing 17α-ethylnyloestradiol (EE2) than in those who were not [27].”
Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake. (2008, background): “The difference between men and women to convert 18:3 n 3 to 22:6 n 3 was attributed to the oestrogenic effect to up-regulate delta-6 desaturase, which is the rate-limiting step in this pathway, however, dietary intakes of n 3 fatty acids were not controlled for over the entire study period [239,240]”
Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids (2018, background): “However, evidence shows that α-linolenic conversion into EPA and DHA in humans is relatively low: conversion into EPA is estimated to only be around 8–12%, and conversion into DHA is lower than 1% [119,120].”