Crack-ing down on black drug offenders? Testing for interactions among offenders' race, drug type, and sentencing strategy in federal drug sentences

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Recent Developments and New Directions in Sentencing Research (2012, background): “…to be sentenced more severely (just a few examples are Curry & Corral-Camacho, 2008; Demuth & Steffensmeier, 2004b; Doerner & Demuth, 2009; Kautt & Spohn, 2002; Kramer & Ulmer, 2002, 2009; Spohn & Holleran, 2000; Steen, Engen, and Gainey, 2005; Steffensmeier & Demuth, 2000, 2001, 2006;…”
Prosecutorial Discretion: An Examination of Substantial Assistance Departures in Federal Crack‐Cocaine and Powder‐Cocaine Cases (2007, methodology): “Kautt and Spohn (2002) have argued that partitioning the data is superior to dummy-coding variables when, as is the case here, the researchers expect the effects of the case and offender characteristics to vary across the categories of the variable of interest.”
The Failure of Race Neutral Policies: How Mandatory Terms and Sentencing Enhancements Contribute to Mass Racialized Incarceration (2011, background): “…have examined the effects of these policies on racial disparities in punishment outcomes (Crawford, 2000; Crawford et al., 1998; Engen et al., 2003; Farrell, 2003; Kautt & Spohn, 2002; Steffensmeier & Demuth, 2000, 2001; Ulmer, 2005; Ulmer & Kramer, 1998; Ulmer et al., 2007; Vincent & Hofer, 1994).”