Second language fluency: speaking style or proficiency? Correcting measures of second language fluency for first language behavior

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Second language fluency and its underlying cognitive and social determinants (2016, background): “This is certainly true for utterance fluency, where people’s general speaking style (e. g., speech rate tendencies) can result in L1 and L2 utterance fluency measures correlating with each other (De Jong et al. 2013).”
Predicting pauses in L1 and L2 speech: the effects of utterance boundaries and word frequency (2016, unknown): “The current study used the same L2 data as reported on in De Jong et al. (2015), but now adding transcripts and measures from L1 speakers performing the same speaking tasks.”
Fluency in Second Language Testing: Insights From Different Disciplines (2018, methodology): “In concordance with Towell et al. (1996) and De Jong et al. (2015), these results indicate that mean duration of pauses is a measure that reflects personal speaking style (overlapping with L1 speaking style) rather than L2-specific cognitive fluency.”
The Development of Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Performance: A Longitudinal Study (2017, background): “D was chosen for its ability to reliably compare texts of different lengths, even relatively short texts (Durán et al. 2004), and it has been shown to be a useful measure for L2 data (TreffersDaller 2009; Yu 2010). Accuracy was measured as percentage of error-free clauses, which is a general measure”