Innovation Offshoring: Asia's Emerging Role in Global Innovation Networks

By D. Ernst. 2006

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Innovation capacity and economic development: China and India (2011, background): “How did China and India utilize resource provided by globalization of R&D and enhance their own innovation capability? How can they effectively use global innovation networks (GIN, see Ernst 2006 ) to overcome latecomer disadvantages in technology development?”
The Emergence of China and India as New Competitors in MNCs' Innovation Networks (2009, background): “The Need for Proximity as a Constraint In innovation theory and economic geography research, learning and innovation are seen as highly localised interactive processes that can be paraphrased as ‘spatial stickiness’ of innovation (Ernst 2002, 2006; Gertler 2003; von Hippel 1994; Lundvall 1988).”
Developing new innovation models: Shifts in the innovation landscapes in emerging economies and implications for global R&D management (2009, background): “Primarily, the literature suggests that MNEs tend to locate their R&D activities close to their headquarters (Cheng and Bolon, 1993) owing to the complexity involved in such investments (Ernst, 2006; Ho, 2006; Patel and Vega, 1999).”