Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills

By Eszter Hargittai. First Monday, 2002

1,876 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Much literature on the digital divide limits its scope by only considering whether someone does or does not use the Internet. This paper looks at the differences in people's online skills.

Subfields: Communication, Media Technology, Political Science and International Relations

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a81e652c2f8cc6d91f025f9d5d2d86667984d5fd

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In Media Technology

In Political Science and International Relations

Citations in the corpus

Rethinking Internet skills: The contribution of gender, age, education, Internet experience, and hours online to medium- and content-related Internet skills (2011, methodology): “According to Hargittai (2002), people who spend more time online—whether at work or any other location—acquire more knowledge about the Internet and thus have better online skills.”
Open Up the Ceiling on the Common Core State Standards: Preparing Students for 21st‐Century Literacy—Now (2012, background): “Critically evaluating a set of search results requires new or additional strategies and critical inferencing skills (Bilal, 2002; Hargittai, 2002).”
Understanding the new digital divide - A typology of Internet users in Europe (2011, background): “Today, the new digital divide – or participation inequality – goes beyond the differences between the Internet ''haves'' and ''have nots'' (Hargittai, 2002; DiMaggio et al., 2004).”
Digital Literacy: A Conceptual Framework for Survival Skills in the Digital era (2004, result): “Similar results are reported by Hargittai (2002a; 2002b) .”
The digital production gap: The digital divide and Web 2.0 collide (2011, background): “Next, human capital, in terms of media literacy and skills, has a strong association with class in the likelihood of online use (Hargittai, 2002, 2008; Livingstone and Helsper, 2007; Mossberger et al., 2003; Van Deursen and Van Dijk, 2010; Warschauer, 2003).”
Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy (2010, background): “For example, many young people have yet to learn adequate techniques for accessing and searching content, and their critical and creative skills remain rudimentary and often little practiced (Facer and Furlong, 2001; Hargittai, 2002; Pew, 2004, although see Pew, 2007).”
Succinct Survey Measures of Web-Use Skills (2012, background): “…of its uses including people’s abilities to use the medium effectively and efficiently, that is, their web-use skills (e.g., DiMaggio, Hargittai, Celeste, & Shafer, 2004; Gui & Argentin, 2011; Hargittai, 2002, 2008, 2010; Livingstone & Helsper, 2010; van Deursen & van Dijk, 2009; van Dijk, 2005).”
The first-level digital divide shifts from inequalities in physical access to inequalities in material access (2018, background): “…reaching high levels, a great deal of attention in digital divide research has moved away from indicators related to having an Internet connection (referred to as the first-level digital divide) to indicators of the second-level digital divide (Hargittai, 2002), namely, Internet skills and usage.”
Digital Inequality (2008, background): “We focus on both of these refined measures of Internet use to explore where the so-called “second-level digital divide” (Hargittai, 2002) may lie across users.”
Psychological Approaches to Credibility Assessment Online (2015, result): “…perspectives and past research suggest that information evaluation strategies and opportunities may vary across demographic characteristics (see Hargittai, 2002; van Dijk, 2006), the studies by Metzger and Flanagin found little evidence that sex, income, education, or race greatly affected…”
Acceptability of App-Based Contact Tracing for COVID-19: Cross-Country Survey Study (2020, background): “It is also possible that such a technological solution may not work as well for the less digitally literate share of the population, further increasing the unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within and across countries [13].”
Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites (2007, background): “Research on reﬁned understandings of the digital divide has found that even once people go online, differences exist among their online pursuits (DiMaggio, Hargittai, Celeste, & Shafer, 2004; Hargittai, 2002, 2007; Livingstone & Helsper, 2007; Mossberger, Tolbert, & Stansbury, 2003; van Dijk, 2005).”
eHealth Literacy: Extending the Digital Divide to the Realm of Health Information (2012, background): “Additionally, the user’s perceived general Internet skills were tapped (not at all skilled, not very skilled, fairly skilled, very skilled, or expert) [22,46].”
Three provocations for civic crowdfunding (2014, background): “Hargittai (2002) argues that these capacities are highly dependent on individuals’ socioeconomic status and that better-resourced individuals are much more likely to be able to maximize the opportunities for participation that online platforms present.”
Social media engagement: What motivates user participation and consumption on YouTube? (2017, background): “Other studies have found that there isn't a major difference in the amount of time it takes for males and females to find information online (Hargittai, 2002).”