Why Are Men Falling Behind? Gender Gaps in College Performance and Persistence

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Stereotypes and the Achievement Gap: Stereotype Threat Prior to Test Taking (2012, background): “In recent years, for example, boys’ educational underachievement has puzzled the public and attracted scholarly attention (e.g., Conger & Long, 2010).”
Leaving Boys Behind (2015, result): “Our focus on the gender gap in top grades follows from the ﬁ ndings of previous studies (Jacob 2002; Goldin, Katz, and Kuziemko 2006; Cho 2007; Conger and Long 2010) showing that the lower college admission rates of men can in large part be accounted for by their lower high school performance.”
A scalable goal-setting intervention closes both the gender and ethnic minority achievement gap (2015, background): “Males, specifically, are not only underrepresented in post-secondary institutions, a phenomenon that began to emerge in the 1980s, but complete their education at a lower rate and obtain lower grades (Buchmann and DiPrete, 2008; Conger and Long, 2010).”
Beneath the numbers: A review of gender disparities in undergraduate education across science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines (2016, unknown): “high school GPAs than men that attend college [41].”