The enemy within: keeping self-reactive T cells at bay in the periphery

By L. Walker, A. Abbas. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2002

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Defective suppressor function in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. (2005, background): “T-cell tolerance is established centrally in the thymus and further strengthened and maintained through multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance (12).”
The cellular mechanism of Aire control of T cell tolerance. (2005, background): “A number of central and peripheral mechanisms of T cell tolerance have been identified based primarily on results on genetically engineered mouse models (reviewed in Ohashi, 2003; Walker and Abbas, 2002 ).”
CD28 costimulation of developing thymocytes induces Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation independently of interleukin 2 (2005, background): “As a result, peripheral regulatory mechanisms are essential for the prevention of autoimmunit”
TGF-beta: a master of all T cell trades. (2008, positive): “These include the deletion of high-affinity selfreactive T cell clones in the thymus (Mathis and Benoist, 2004) and various peripheral mechanisms that keep escaped autoreactive T cells in check (Walker and Abbas, 2002).”