Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data

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Occupational segregation and gender inequality in job quality: a multi-level approach (2014, background): “Female-dominated occupations are also characterized by lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement (Levanon et al., 2009; Padavic and Reskin, 2002; Reskin and Roos, 1990).”
The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. Fall 2018 Edition. (2018, background): “A study of 50 years of U.S. workforce data concluded that when an influx of 20 women enter a previously male-dominated profession, average wages for the occupation as a whole actually decrease (Levanon et al., 2009).”
Exploring Human Gender Stereotypes with Word Association Test (2019, methodology): “We take two widely used settings, namely we-cos (Bolukbasi et al., 2016) and we-norm (Garg et al., 4 Follow Levanon et al. (2009), we choose the log proportions, log-prop( p ) = log p 1 − p , where p = percentage of women in an occupation, similar with the way we calculate words’ stereotype scores.”
Why Are Some STEM Fields More Gender Balanced Than Others? (2017, unknown): “The tendency for female-dominated occupations to have lower salaries is better explained by a devaluation of occupations that have more women (Levanon et al., 2009).”
Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM (2018, background): “This is evident, among other things, in the lower pay in women’s than men’s occupations (Levanon et al., 2009).”