Who Gets an Early Education? Family Income and the Enrollment of Three- to Five-Year-Olds from 1968 to 2000

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How is family income related to investments in children’s learning? (2011, unknown): “Studies have documented income-related differences in particular types of investments in isolation, for example, early education programs or after-school activities (Bainbridge et al., 2005; Meyers et al., 2004; Smolensky and Gootman, 2002).”
The widening academic achievement gap between the rich and the poor (2011, background): “Consistent with this is evidence that the relationship between family income and preschool enrollment among three- and four-year-old children grew from the late 1960s to the late 1980s (Bainbridge et al. 2005).”
Variations in the Availability and Quality of Early Childhood Education and Care by Socioeconomic Status of Neighborhoods (2016, background): “This pattern is observed in both the United States and Australia (Bainbridge et al., 2005; Baxter & Hand, 2013; Harrison, Ungerer, Smith, Zubrick, & Wise, 2010).”
No more failures : ten steps to equity in education (2007, background): “In the many countries where early childhood education and care is not free, participation in ECEC is closely related to family income (Chiswick and DebBurnam, 2004; Bainbridge et al., 2005) and disadvantaged children frequently participate less in ECEC, despite evidence that they benefit most (Lesem”
Inequality in Children’s Contexts (2016, background): “2004; Kornrich and Furstenberg 2013), and enrollment in preschool (Bainbridge et al. 2005).”