Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages

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Understanding heritage languages (2019, background): “(Rothman, 2009: 156) As with all definitions meant to neatly characterize a heterogeneous group of individuals, this one is an idealization, as is the idealized monolingual (e.g., Chomsky, 1965) or the truly balanced bilingual (Grosjean, 2010).”
Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers (2018, background): “…differences in heritage language input, influence of the societal majority language and differences in literacy and formal education can result in what on the surface seems to be arrested development of the heritage language or attrition in adult bilingual knowledge (Rothman, 2009, p. 156).”
Heritage Languages and Their Speakers (2018, background): “Although many linguists have come up with a definition to HL over the years (Valdés, 2001; Montrul, 2016; Rothman, 2009), the author offers yet another: “A heritage language is therefore the home/minority language of a bilingual who is dominant in the main societal language” (p. 10).”