Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study, Rev. ed.

By John E. Williams, D. Best. 1990

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Exploring Human Gender Stereotypes with Word Association Test (2019, unknown): “Although traditional methods like survey (Williams and Best, 1990) are quite effective, they are expensive and time-consuming.”
Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed? (2002, background): “…assertive, competitive, daring, and courageous) (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson & Rosenkrantz, 1972; Carli & Eagly, 1999; Deaux & Kite, 1993; Williams & Best, 1990). at BOSTON COLLEGE on March 17, 2015jom.sagepub.comDownloaded from G.N. Powell et al. / Journal of Management 2002 28(2)…”
The his and hers of prosocial behavior: an examination of the social psychology of gender. (2009, background): “This predominance of communion and agency is widespread in world cultures (Williams & Best, 1990).”
Sex differences in value priorities: cross-cultural and multimethod studies. (2005, background): “Dominance is a trait universally considered more applicable to men across diverse cultures (Williams & Best, 1990).”
Student gender stereotypes: contrasting the perceived maleness and femaleness of mathematics and language (2009, background): “…social stereotypes are cultural constructs and can hence vary from one country to another, there is general agreement on many stereotypes between countries that share a common cultural background (Costa, Terracciano, & McCrae, 2001; Williams & Best, 1990; Williams, Satterwhite, & Best, 1999).”
The effect of priming gender roles on women's implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations (2010, unknown): “…rights and professional ambitions have undergone a revolution since the 1960s, stereotypes that differentially attribute agentic qualities to men and communal qualities to women are remarkably resistant to change and consistent across cultures (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998; Williams & Best, 1990).”
Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions (2003, background): “…perspective is that in cultures where women are more severely restricted to childrearing (i.e., cultures with ‘‘traditional’’ sex-role ideologies; see Williams & Best, 1990), gender differences in dismissing attachment should be larger because men and women have been forcibly channeled down…”
Female Leadership Advantage and Disadvantage: Resolving the Contradictions (2007, background): “In general, people expect and prefer that women be communal, manifesting traits such as kindness, concern for others, warmth, and gentleness and that men be agentic, manifesting traits such as confidence, aggressiveness, and self-direction (e.g., Newport, 2001; Williams & Best, 1990).”
When men break the gender rules: Status incongruity and backlash against modest men. (2010, background): “Historically and crossculturally, men have been stereotyped as more agentic (i.e., independent and self-focused) than women, and women as more communal (i.e., other-oriented and modest) than men (Williams & Best, 1990).”
Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. (2000, background): “There is very high agreement in our society about what are considered to be typically feminine and typically masculine characteristics (Williams and Best, 1990; Golombok and Fivush, 1994; Street et al., 1995).”
Beyond the Glass Ceiling: The Glass Cliff and Its Lessons for Organizational Policy (2014, background): “Prevalent gender stereotypes portray women as communal (i.e., as affectionate, empathic, cooperative) and men as agentic (i.e., as assertive, independent, self-confident; e.g., Williams & Best, 1990).”