Emergence and Convergence: Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge

By M. Bunge. 2003

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A New Paradigm for Developmental Science: Relationism and Relational-Developmental Systems (2013, background): “Bunge (2003)2 well captures both the problem of reductionism and the issue of holism in the following: At first sight, the discovery that genetic material is composed of DNA molecules proves that genetics has been reduced to chemistry … .”
The emergence of objects from mathematical practices (2013, background): “The notion of emergence is often used when studying complex systems, whether of a physical, biological or some other nature, although it is also employed in cognitive science, ontology and epistemology (Bunge, 2003; O’Connor & Wong, 2006).”