CSR and financial performance: complementarity between environmental, social and business behaviours

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Analyzing the Effect of Corporate Environmental Performance on Corporate Financial Performance in Developed and Developing Countries (2017, background): “Authors Sample Financial Variable(CFP) Environmental Variable (CEP) Control Variable Methodology Relationship CAVACO AND CRIFO (2014) [30] 595 European firms2002–2007 ROA (1) Tobin’s Q (2) Environmental score Sales, total assets, debt ratio, R&D ratio, advertising ratio, industry, country, year, hum”
CSR, Innovation, and Firm Performance in Sluggish Growth Contexts: A Firm-Level Empirical Analysis (2015, background): “However, an interesting extension could test for the existence of complementarity or substitution effects across CSR components (Cavaco and Crifo 2014).”
The Mirror Effect: Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Social Irresponsibility and Firm Performance in Coordinated Market Economies and Liberal Market Economies (2019, methodology): “We followed the approach of Cavaco and Crifo (2014) and used the systemGMM technique.”
CSR related management practices and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of the Quantity-Quality Trade-off on French Data (2015, background): “The environment appears as a non-primary stakeholder relatively substitutable to primary stakeholders from a CSR perspective, with a similar kind of result that was found in Cavaco and Crifo (2014).”