Diagnosis and phenotypic classification of Wilson disease 1

By P. Ferenci, K. Caca, G. Loudianos, G. Mieli‐Vergani, S. Tanner, I. Sternlieb, M. Schilsky, D. Cox, F. Berr. Liver international (Print), 2003

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EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Wilson's disease. (2012, methodology): “Scoring system developed at the 8th International Meeting on Wilson’s disease, Leipzig 2001 [44].”
Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease (2022, background): “Patients with WD can present with liver symptoms that include fulminant hepatic failure (also known as acute liver failure), persistently elevated levels of serum aminotransferases, jaundice, and chronic hepatitis.(73) Interestingly, some patients do not manifest these hepatic changes, but instead p”
Function and regulation of human copper-transporting ATPases. (2007, background): “Clinical aspects of Menkes disease and Wilson disease as well as currently available animal models have been described in recent literature (66, 90, 130, 131, 175, 250, 280, 281) and are not discussed here.”
Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians (2005, background): “Finally, as many as 25% of the patients with AST levels greater than 10 times the upper reference limit may have acute extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction, which can be heralded by a peak in aminotransferase levels (> 50 times the upper reference value in 1%–2% of patients) that rapidly subsides ”