The Ontogenesis of Trust

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Turning Believers into Skeptics: 3-Year-Olds' Sensitivity to Cues to Speaker Credibility (2007, background): “Rather than blindly accepting anything someone says, a sophisticated listener should treat testimony with what Clement, Koenig, and Harris (2004) called “skeptical trust.” Particularly when a piece of testimony conflicts with one’s own expectations, a measure of skepticism could help a listener to”
Learning from others: children's construction of concepts. (2009, background): “By 4 years of age, children are skeptical of statements made by a speaker who previously said untrue things (Clément et al. 2004) – an ability all the more remarkable when one considers how difficult it is for children and adults monitor the source of a piece of information (Lindsay et al.”
Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers. (2005, background): “Thus, in line with prior findings (Clément et al., 2004; Koenig et al., 2004), we expected that 4-year-olds would pick out the inaccurate speaker on explicit judgment trials, predict the differential responses of the two informants on prediction trials, and accept information from the reliable infor”