Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong

By M. Bray, Percy Lai Yin Kwok. 2003

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Citations in the corpus

Private supplementary tutoring among primary students in Bangladesh (2008, background): “Supporting students at home is often referred to as a “shadow education system”, because it exists due to the existence of the mainstream education provisions, follows mainstream school curricula, changes with change in the mainstream system, with its features less distinct than those of mainstream ”
The history of policy responses to shadow education in South Korea: implications for the next cycle of policy responses (2010, background): “become an increasingly worldwide phenomenon—from East Asia to Africa to Europe to North America (Bray 1999, 2006; Kwok 2004; Silova et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2009), the causes of its expansion have been studied, especially since the 1990s (e.g., Bray 1999; Baker et al. 2001; Bray and Kwok 2003 ).”
Multilevel Effects of Student and Classroom Factors on Elementary Science Achievement in Five Countries (2010, background): “Parents have high expectations for their children’s education due to the increasingly competitive academic environment (Khong & Ng, 2005 ) and they invest heavily in private tutoring (Bray, 1999 ; Bray & Kwok, 2003 ).”
The real university cost in a "free" higher education country (2005, background): “Once a student enters the supposedly free higher education system, the family’s private expenditure for 3For evidence on private tutoring expenditures in other countries, see Bray and Kwok (2003). sustaining the student escalates (Table 6).”
Shadow Education, American Style: Test Preparation, the SAT and College Enrollment (2010, background): “Like studies from other societies, we find that high-SES students in the United States are more likely to use shadow education than low-SES students (Stevenson and Baker 1992; Bray and Kwok 2003; Buchmann 2002).”
The effectiveness of private tutoring: students’ perceptions in comparison with mainstream schooling in Hong Kong (2013, result): “As in other empirical studies in Hong Kong (Bray and Kwok 2003; Ho 2009a; Lee 1996), the research showed that English and Mathematics were the most popular subjects.”
Markets, schools and the convertibility of economic capital: the complex dynamics of class choice (2006, background): “…systems—in Canada, Greece, Hong Kong, Japan, and Luxembourg to name but a few (Stevenson & Baker, 1992; Baker et al., 2001; Mischo & Haag, 2002; Bray & Kwok, 2003; Aurini, 2004; Psacharopoulos & Papakonstantinou, 2005)—is growing proof of how economically generated inequalities outside of…”
Buying your way into college? Private tuition and the transition to higher education in Ireland (2009, background): “In keeping with research in other countries (Bray & Kwok, 2003; Ireson & Rushforth, 2005), take-up is higher among more advantaged social groups, that is, among students from more middleclass backgrounds and those whose parents have tertiary educational qualifications.”
Private tutoring: how prevalent and effective is it? (2004, background): “In a series of reviews of the international literature, Bray identifies a number of disadvantages of private tutoring (Bray, 1999, 2003; Bray & Kwok, 2003).”