The Genetic Code Is One in a Million

By S. Freeland, Laurence D. Hurst. 1998

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Early fixation of an optimal genetic code. (2000, background): “E-mail: freeland@rnaworld.princeton.edu. porate known biases in mutation and mistranslation rates (Ardell 1998; Freeland and Hurst 1998a).”
Collective evolution and the genetic code. (2006, background): “A major advance was provided by computer simulation studies[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] of the relatedness ordering of the amino acids over the codon table, which showed that the code is indeed relationally ordered, and moreover is optimized to near the maximum extent possible.”
Mistranslation-induced protein misfolding as a dominant constraint on coding-sequence evolution (2008, unknown): “The translation error spectrum was implemented as described (Freeland and Hurst, 1998).”
The genetic code is nearly optimal for allowing additional information within protein-coding sequences. (2007, background): “These permutations preserve both the number of codons per amino acid and the effect of misread errors on the translated protein, as defined in Freeland and Hurst (1998) and Gilis et al. (2001) (Fig.”
Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code (2001, background): “The universal genetic code seems highly optimal, in that the arrangement of codon assignments minimizes the impact of error”
The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution (2011, background): “in a high (although not maximum) robustness of the code to mutations and translation errors, as Woese first noticed (Woese, 1967) and Stephen Freeland and Laurence Hurst subsequently demonstrated quantitatively (Freeland and Hurst, 1998).”
Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma (2008, background): “The form of the matrix p(c0|c) proposed by Freeland (81) is widely used (e.”