Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code

By Robin D. Knight, S. Freeland, L. Landweber. 2001

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Collective evolution and the genetic code. (2006, background): “A major advance was provided by computer simulation studies[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] of the relatedness ordering of the amino acids over the codon table, which showed that the code is indeed relationally ordered, and moreover is optimized to near the maximum extent possible.”
The genetic code is nearly optimal for allowing additional information within protein-coding sequences. (2007, background): “The genetic code is the mapping of 64 three-letter codons to 20 amino-acids and a stop signal (Woese 1965; Crick 1968; Knight et al. 2001).”
Extreme genome reduction in symbiotic bacteria (2011, background): “The genetic code has independently diverged from the 'universal' code several times in both cellular and organellar genome”
Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma (2008, background): “include mutations in tRNA genes, where a single nucleotide substitution directly affects decoding (41), base modification (42), or RNA editing (43) (reviewed in (36)).”