Speakers' eye gaze disambiguates referring expressions early during face-to-face conversation

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Computational Generation of Referring Expressions: A Survey (2012, background): “…evidence that the visual system and the speech production system are closely intertwined (Meyer, Sleiderink, and Levelt 1998; Spivey et al. 2001; Hanna and Brennan 2007), and that human speakers employ speciﬁc strategies when looking at real-world scenes (Itti and Koch 2000; Wooding et al.…”
Social eye gaze in human-robot interaction (2017, background): “If there is ambiguity in the object reference, gaze is a strong and ﬂexible cue for eliminating uncertainty about referential expressions (Hanna & Brennan, 2007; Staudte & Crocker, 2011).”
A review of verbal and non-verbal human-robot interactive communication (2014, background): “Furthermore, eye gaze is very important in disambiguating referring expressions, without the need for hand deixis [144], [145].”
Beyond common and privileged: Gradient representations of common ground in real-time language use (2012, background): “Representations of the gaze of one’s interlocutor can, for example, provide key insight into likely upcoming referents (Hanna & Brennan, 2007).”
Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue. (2021, background): “If the one-on-one meeting features a third object, then people look at the other person’s face for less than half of the time (Hanna & Brennan, 2007).”