“The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay”

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Are motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses warranted? Comparing pro-work behaviors and conditions of mothers, fathers, and non-parents (2011, background): “Mothers in the 2000 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with a college education earned roughly 4% more than college-educated women without children (Amuedo-Dorantes and Kimmel, 2005).”
Work–Family Policy Trade-Offs for Mothers? Unpacking the Cross-National Variation in Motherhood Earnings Penalties (2016, background): “Smaller or no penalties are found among the highly educated, both in the United States (Amuedo-Dorantes & Kimmel, 2005; Anderson et al., 2003; Taniguchi, 1999) and cross-nationally (Todd, 2001).”
Do Employers Prefer Fathers? Evidence from a Field Experiment Testing the Gender by Parenthood Interaction Effect on Callbacks to Job Applications (2017, background): “…and job qualification level (Todd, 2001; Magnusson, 2010; Boye et al., 2014), although results are far from consistent in and between other societies (Waldfogel, 1997; Todd, 2001; Anderson et al., 2003; Amuedo-Dorantes and Kimmel, 2005; Boye et al., 2014; Halldén, Levanon and Kricheli-Katz, 2015).”
Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives. (2011, background): “Further,better-educatedwomenarelikelytopursuecareers,that is, a series of job steps that progressively entail more responsibility, higher remuneration and greater authority and autonomy (Amuedo-Dorantes and Kimmel, 2005).”