The impact of urban form on automobile travel: disentangling causation from correlation

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Examining the Impacts of Residential Self‐Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings (2009, background): “Using 4328 individuals (whose households have at least one car) in the 1996–2003 German Mobility Panel, Vance and Hedel (2007) investigated the effect of BE elements on car use (a binary variable) and distance travelled.3 Following Boarnet and Sarmiento (1998), they chose four non-transportation var”
Travel and the Built Environment (2010, background): “…OR D OPR SE/LS no Handy & Clifton, 2001 6 neighborhoods in Austin, TX D LNR SE no Handy et al., 2006 8 neighborhoods in northern CA D NBR SE/AT yes Hedel & Vance, 2007 German Mobility Panel Survey D LNR/PRR SE/OT no Hess et al., 1999 12 neighborhood commercial centers in Seattle, WA A LNR SE no…”
Exploring Causal Effects of Neighborhood Type on Walking Behavior Using Stratification on the Propensity Score (2010, background): “Among thirty-eight studies reviewed by Cao et al (2009), many concluded evidence for residential self-selection, and virtually every study found a statistically significant influence of the built environment on travel behavior, controlling for self-selection (Boarnet and Sarmiento, 1998; Boarnet et ”