Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking

By J. Donelan, R. Kram, Arthur D. Kuo. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2001

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Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking. (2006, background): “Both factors have been shown to substantially increase net metabolic rate in normalweight subjects (10, 39).”
Energetic Consequences of Walking Like an Inverted Pendulum: Step-to-Step Transitions (2005, methodology): “The velocity v com is dominated by forward walking speed, and bears much less dependence on step width (5).”
Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking. (2002, methodology): “Following a 3 min period to allow subjects to reach steady state, we measured the average rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production over 3 min, and calculated metabolic rate (Brockway, 1987; described in detail in Donelan et al., 2001 ).”