Signaling pathways downstream of pattern-recognition receptors and their cross talk.

By Myeong Sup Lee, Young-Joon Kim. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2007

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Simple combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors prime cis-regulatory elements required for macrophage and B cell identities (2010, background): “TLR4 ligation induces high-magnitude changes in the expression of hundreds of genes in macrophages involved in innate immune responses through the activation of numerous signal-dependent transcription factors, including NF-kB and interferon regulatory factors (Lee and Kim, 2007).”
Autophagy during viral infection — a double-edged sword (2018, background): “TLR stimulation induces binding of MYD88 or TRIF to Beclin 1, which disrupts the Beclin 1-B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) interaction and ultimately activates autophagy (FIg.”
Toll-like receptors and cancer (2009, background): “Infection is the best-understood trigger of inflammation, with recognition of microbial pathogens by the host innate immune system initiating a potent inflammatory respons”
Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures (2010, background): “In these studies, the effects of LPS developed over a time frame of several hours to weeks and were attributed to the transcriptional activation of inflammatory or neuronal plasticity gene”