Explaining Race, Poverty, and Gender Disparities in Advanced Course-Taking.

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The Advanced Placement Arms Race and the Reproduction of Educational Inequality (2013, background): “Students from low-SES families are less likely to enroll in these courses (Conger et al. 2009; Crosnoe and Schneider 2010), owing to disadvantages in academic preparation, fewer perceived opportunities for upward mobility, or less confidence to assert their rights to advanced”
Advanced Placement: The Dual Challenge of Equal Access and Effectiveness (2018, background): “Incentives in California, Florida, and Texas have led to increased AP course offerings at schools in low-income neighborhoods, but access has increased at an even greater rate in middle- and upper-class districts (Conger et al., 2009; Klopfenstein, 2004a; Klugman, 2013).”
Effects of High School Course-Taking on Secondary and Postsecondary Success (2012, background): “Gender gaps in course-taking have also been identified, though the gaps appear to have diminished in recent years (Conger et al., 2009; Davenport et al., 1998; NCES, 2005; Zeitz & Prathibha, 2005).”