The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. III. Perseus Observed with IRAC

By J. Jørgensen, P. Harvey, N. Evans II, T. Huard, L. Allen, A. Porras, G. Blake, T. Bourke, N. Chapman, L. Cieza and 12 more. 2006

259 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We present observations of 3.86 deg2 of the Perseus molecular cloud complex with the Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). The maps show strong extended emission arising from shocked H2 in outflows and from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features. More than 120,000 sources are extracted toward the cloud. Based on their IRAC colors and comparison to off-cloud and extragalactic fields, we identify 400 candidate young stellar objects. About two-thirds of these are associated with the young clusters IC 348 and NGC 1333, while the last third is distributed over the remaining cloud. The young stellar objects are classified according to the slope of their spectral energy distributions. Significant differences are found between the numbers of embedded Class I objects and more evolved Class II objects in IC 348, NGC 1333 and the remaining cloud, with the embedded Class I and "flat-spectrum" YSOs constituting 14%, 36% and 47% of the total number of YSOs identified in each of these regions. The high number of Class I objects in the extended cloud (61% of the Class I objects in the entire cloud) suggests that a significant fraction of the current star formation occurs outside the two main clusters. Finally, we discuss a number of outflows and identify their driving sources, including the deeply embedded Class 0 sources outside the two main clusters. The Class 0 objects are detected by Spitzer and have very red [3.6] - [4.5] colors, but they do not show similarly red [5.8] - [8.0] colors. The Class 0 objects are easily identifiable in color-color diagrams but are problematic to extract automatically due to the extended emission from shocked gas or scattered light in cavities related to the associated outflows.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spectroscopy

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Citations in the corpus

An Ammonia Spectral Atlas of Dense Cores in Perseus (2007, background): “…14m (Ridge et al. 2006); the SCUBA survey of submillimeter emission (Hatchell et al. 2005; Kirk et al. 2006); the Bolocam survey of the region in the 1.1 mm continuum (Enoch et al. 2006); and in all the Spitzer bands by the Cores to Disks (c2d) project (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Rebull et al. 2007).”
HIGH- AND INTERMEDIATE-MASS YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD (2009, methodology): “We start by examining mid-IR CMDs and CCDs for the LMC and SWIRE data and decide to adopt the [8.0] versus [4.5]−[8.0] CMD as the starting point to separate YSOs from foreground and background contaminants, in agreement with the suggestion of Harvey et al. (2006).”
THE MID-INFRARED EXTINCTION LAW IN THE OPHIUCHUS, PERSEUS, AND SERPENS MOLECULAR CLOUDS (2008, methodology): “The Spitzer observations have been previously published for Ophiuchus (Padgett et al. 2007), Perseus (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Rebull et al. 2007), and Serpens (Harvey et al. 2006, 2007b).”
Identifying the Low-Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores (2007, methodology): “The observations of Serpens, Lupus, Chamaeleon II, Ophiuchus, and Perseus were obtained in Program IDs (PIDs) 174, 175, 176, 177, and 178, respectively.”
PROPERTIES OF THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARS IN PERSEUS, SERPENS, AND OPHIUCHUS (2008, methodology): “…processing and analysis of the Spitzer IRAC and MIPS maps of Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus, as well as presenting general properties of the sources in each cloud, such as color-color and color-magnitude diagrams (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Harvey et al. 2006; Rebull et al. 2007; Harvey et al. 2007b).”
A Spitzer Census of the IC 348 Nebula (2007, methodology): “…small aggregates of young stars, including those around LkHα 330 30′ to the NE and around MSX6C 21 Wider field Spitzer data of the IC 348 nebula was obtained by an Spitzer Legacy Science project entitled “Cores to Disks,” (Evans et al. 2003); the IRAC data was analyzed in Jørgensen et al. (2006).”
THE SPITZER c2d LEGACY RESULTS: STAR-FORMATION RATES AND EFFICIENCIES; EVOLUTION AND LIFETIMES (2008, background): “The results presented here are based on detailed studies of the individual clouds: Serpens (Harvey et al. 2006; Harvey et al. 2007; Harvey et al. 2007b); Perseus (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Rebull et al. 2007; Lai et al. 2008); Ophiuchus (Padgett et al. 2008b; Allen et al. 2008b); Lupus (Chapman et al.…”
THE VLA NASCENT DISK AND MULTIPLICITY SURVEY OF PERSEUS PROTOSTARS (VANDAM). II. MULTIPLICITY OF PROTOSTARS IN THE PERSEUS MOLECULAR CLOUD (2016, background): “This source had been classified as a YSO by those authors given its rising spectral index, but no counterpart is detected in the infrared (e.g., Jørgensen et al. 2006) or the millimeter (Looney et al. 2000).”
Spitzer Observations of NGC 1333: A Study of Structure and Evolution in a Nearby Embedded Cluster (2007, methodology): “Following the c2d lead (Harvey et al. 2006), we utilize the [4.5] vs. [4.5] − [8.0] color-magnitude diagram to flag likely AGN.”
YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE GOULD BELT (2015, methodology): “This pipeline includes data reduction, source extraction, and band-merging the results from each wavelength to produce final images and source catalogs, and has been described in detail elsewhere (Harvey et al. 2006; Evans et al. 2007).”
A COLD COMPLEX CHEMISTRY TOWARD THE LOW-MASS PROTOSTAR B1-b: EVIDENCE FOR COMPLEX MOLECULE PRODUCTION IN ICES (2010, background): “The B1-b region is complicated by a number of outflows, which may enhance the UV field through shocks and open cavities through which stellar UV photons can escape (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Walawender et al. 2009; Hiramatsu et al. 2010).”
Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A Grid of 200,000 YSO Model SEDs (2006, methodology): “The IRAC and MIPS 24µm limits are similar to those quoted for several large-scale surveys, such as the c2d (Harvey et al. 2006; Jørgensen et al. 2006) and SAGE (Meixner et al. 2006) surveys.”
Comparing Star Formation on Large Scales in the c2d Legacy Clouds: Bolocam 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Surveys of Serpens, Perseus, and Ophiuchus (2007, background): “Conversely, one bright extended region of 160 µm emission just south of Cluster A contains no 1.1 mm sources.”
Probing dust grain evolution in IM Lupi's circumstellar disc. Multi-wavelength observations and mo (2008, methodology): “A detailed description of the reduction and source extraction procedures used for the IRAC and MIPS measurements can be found in Harvey et al. (2006, 2007) and in the c2d delivery document (Evans et al. 2007).”
TADPOL: A 1.3 mm SURVEY OF DUST POLARIZATION IN STAR-FORMING CORES AND REGIONS (2013, background): “The strongest millimeter source, called L1448C(N) (Jørgensen et al. 2006) or L1448mm A (Tobin et al. 2007), is the likely source of the outflows.”
The Mass Distribution and Lifetime of Prestellar Cores in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus (2008, methodology): “…the processing and analysis of the Spitzer IRAC and MIPS maps of Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus, and present general properties of the sources in each cloud such as color-color and color-magnitude diagrams (Jørgensen et al. 2006; Harvey et al. 2006; Rebull et al. 2007; Harvey et al. 2007a).”
THE TAURUS SPITZER SURVEY: NEW CANDIDATE TAURUS MEMBERS SELECTED USING SENSITIVE MID-INFRARED PHOTOMETRY (2009, background): “…to X-ray surveys (e.g., Alcalá et al. 1996, Wolk et al. 2006), Hα surveys (e.g., Ogura et al. 2002), variability surveys (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2001, Rebull 2001), ultraviolet (UV) surveys (e.g., Rebull et al. 2000), and infrared (IR) surveys (e.g., Jørgensen et al. 2006, Rebull et al. 2007).”