Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer

By S. Hecht. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 2003

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Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology (2005, background): “This led to emphasis on genotoxic chemicals and methods to measure carcinogenDNA adducts or carcinogen-protein adducts (as surrogates for DNA adducts) and carcinogen metabolites in body fluids (18, 19).”
iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns (2012, background): “aromatic amines, aldehydes and certain volatile organics likely contribute significantly to the carcinogenic activity of tobacco smoke (Hecht, 2003).”
Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. (2004, methodology): “If their formation is inhibited or blocked, so is carcinogenesis [ 16 ].”
Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer (2016, background): “Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic chemicals among which at least 60 are carcinogens (5).”
Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers (2009, methodology): “Approaches to longer term monitoring include measurement of nicotine in hair or nails, as discussed below, or measurement of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine, as described by (Hecht 2003).”
Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine (2005, background): “Eight tobacco-specific nitrosamines have been identified (Hecht, 2003).”