Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine

By Janne Hukkanen, Pleyton Jacob, N. Benowitz. Pharmacological Reviews, 2005

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Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research (2007, background): “Investigators are referred to additional resources (e.g., Benowitz 1998; Tyndale and Sellers 2001; Whiteaker et al. 2000a,b) and a recent comprehensive review (Hukkanen et al. 2005) for specific details and additional references on nicotine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.”
Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (2010, background): “For instance, Hawaiian (Derby et al., 2008) and Canadian NativeAmericans (Hukkanen et al., 2005; Schoedel et al., 2004) smokers exhibit increased activity of the cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), the primary enzyme that inactivates nicotine to cotinine.”
iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns (2012, background): “Minor tobacco alkaloids include nornicotine, anatabine and anabasine (Hukkanen et al., 2005).”
Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics (2009, background): “Nicotine and cotinine are also metabolized by glucuronidation, primarily, it is thought, via UGT 1A4, 1A9, and 2B10 (34).”