Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distribution of states.

By William Fleeson. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001

1,487 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Clinical Psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/521ed60f44c6f1f53a1370611b21740f7ab224bb

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Citations in the corpus

Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence (2012, background): “People may act in ways that are unrelated to or even at variance with their characteristic personality attributes (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson & Wilt, 2010).”
Timing of Stressful Life Events Affects Stability and Change of Neuroticism (2014, background): “Changes in neuroticism scores have been argued to reflect dynamic state fluctuation around an individual’s specific negative affect set point or trait neuroticism level (Clark, Vittengl, Kraft, & Jarrett, 2003; Fleeson, 2001; Ormel, Riese, & Rosmalen, 2012).”
Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies—A Framework for Studying Personality Change (2020, background): “People frequently act in ways that are inconsistent with their dispositional tendencies as evidenced by a less-than-perfect relation between self-reported states and traits (correlations are typically r = .5 and lower; Fleeson, 2001).”
Moving Personality Beyond the Person-Situation Debate (2004, methodology): “Therefore, when I decided to look for behavioral similarity across occasions, or stability, I studied central points and their stability (Fleeson, 2001).”
Scientific Contributions of Within-Person Research in Management: Making the Juice Worth the Squeeze (2018, background): “Conversely, behavioral constructs are often rooted in more stable individual differences and should be less variant over time (Fleeson, 2001; Mischel & Peake, 1983).”
Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. (2005, background): “The distinction between within-and between-person variance is also one of the key differences between the process and structure approaches to personality (Fleeson, 2001; Hooker & McAdams, 2003).”
Wise Reasoning in the Face of Everyday Life Challenges (2016, background): “At the same time, people’s average tendency to reason wisely turned out to include a stable individual difference component (Fleeson, 2001).”
Agreement and Similarity in Self-Other Perceptions of Moral Character (2013, background): “This does not mean, however, that we should relegate the study of moral personality characteristics to the back-burner, nor does it mean that situations have a stronger impact on behavior than does personality (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson & Noftle, 2008).”
Personality Neuroscience and the Biology of Traits (2010, background): “…probabilistic descriptions of the frequency and intensity with which individuals exhibit various behavioral, motivational, emotional, and cognitive states ª 2010 The Author Social and Personality Psychology Compass ª 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson & Gallagher, 2009).”
Cooperation is in our nature: Nature exposure may promote cooperative and environmentally sustainable behavior (2015, positive): “Fleeson (2001) has suggested that associations at the trait level often apply at the state level too (e.g., trait extraversion predicts high positive affect and most people experience positive emotions when they behave in extraverted ways).”
Cybernetic Big Five Theory. (2015, background): “This is why the states associated with each trait display a density distribution over time and are not always at the same level in a given individual (Fleeson, 2001, 2012).”
Integrating The Diverse Definitions of Happiness: A Time-Sequential Framework of Subjective Well-Being (2005, background): “In some cases, the researcher might also assess the respondent’s feelings in different situations (e.g., Fleeson, 2001).”
Within-individual variability in self-concepts and personality states: Applying density distribution and situation-behavior approaches across cultures (2013, methodology): “As argued by Fleeson (2001), affect variability provides a good comparison standard for variability in personality states, because affect is generally viewed as quite variable (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi & Hunter, 2003; Eaton & Funder, 2001; Eid & Diener, 1999; Kuppens, Oravecz, & Tuerlinckx, 2010).”
Virtuous states and virtuous traits: How the empirical evidence regarding the existence of broad traits saves virtue ethics from the situationist critique (2014, methodology): “Such analyses revealed moderate consistency of behavior when behavior is conceived at the single-state level (Fleeson, 2001).”
Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance? (2004, background): “That is, trait anxiety is conceptualized as individual differences in the density distribution of anxiety states (see Fleeson, 2001).”