The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism

By Robert Trivers. 1971

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Citations in the corpus

Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning in Sequential Social Dilemmas (2017, background): “, direct reciprocity [4, 5, 6, 7], indirect reciprocity [8], norm enforcement [9, 10], simple reinforcement learning variants [3], multiagent reinforcement learning [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], spatial structure [16], emotions [17], and social network effects [18, 19].”
A Model of Third Parties' Morally Motivated Responses to Mistreatment in Organizations (2011, background): “Early understandings of cooperation recognized the importance of reciprocity, a tendency to respond in kind to another’s actions (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Trivers, 1971).”
Evolutionary game theory: Temporal and spatial effects beyond replicator dynamics (2009, background): “Indeed, altruism or cooperative behavior exists in other species, but it can be understood in terms of genetic relatedness (kin selection, introduced by Hamilton [15,16]) or of repeated interactions (as proposed by Trivers [17]).”
Evolutionary game theory: Theoretical concepts and applications to microbial communities (2010, background): “In evolutionary theory many principles were proposed to overcome this dilemma of cooperation: repeated interaction [20, 28], punishment [20, 30], or kin discrimination [31, 32].”
Homo Oeconomicus versus Homo Reciprocans: Ansätze für ein neues Wirtschaftspolitisches Leitbild? (2003, background): “FolkTheoreme oder das Konzept des „reciprocal altruism“ (Trivers 1971) beschrieben werden.”
The evolution of religion and morality: a synthesis of ethnographic and experimental evidence from eight societies (2017, background): “Both are central factors in human social behavior (Axelrod, 1984; Cronk & Leech, 2013; Trivers, 1971).”
Hamilton's legacy: kinship, cooperation and social tolerance in mammalian groups (2014, background): “In light of this evolutionary puzzle, the theoretical constructs of kin selection (Hamilton, 1964), reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971), direct benefits (also called by-product mutualisms: Brown, 1983; Connor, 1995; West-Eberhard, 1975) and group selection (Wilson, 1975; Wilson & Wilson, 2007) have…”
Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity (2001, background): “Explanations of cooperation between non-kin include continuing interactions that provide a shadow of the future (that is, the expectation of an ongoing relationship) that can sustain reciprocit”
The Power of Reciprocity (2004, unknown): “IN VARIANTS OF THE DICTATOR GAME”
Kin selection and reciprocity in flight formation (2004, background): “Reciprocity can most easily evolve in small groups in which individuals interact repeatedly over long time (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981; Boyd and Richerson, 1988; Trivers, 1971; for review, see Dugatkin, 1997).”
Smiles when sharing (2007, background): “The postulated link between prosocial emotions and commitment (Frank, 1988; Hirshleifer, 1987; Trivers, 1971) further underlined the importance of smiling as a behavioral mechanism responsible for the maintenance of strategies based on reciprocal altruism (Brown, Palameta, & Moore, 2003).”
The personal norm of reciprocity (2003, unknown): “The concept of reciprocity has also been used in several other disciplines, such as sociology, sociobiology, economics, political science, anthropology, animal behaviour, and evolutionary psychology (see e.g. Axelrod, 1984; Cosmides & Tooby, 1989; de Waal & Berger, 2000; Fehr, Gachter, & Kirchsteige”
Strong reciprocity and the welfare state (2006, unknown): “1Strong reciprocity goes beyond self-interested forms of cooperation, which include tit-for-tat and what biologists call reciprocal altruism (Trivers 1971).”
The positive side of psychopathy: Emotional detachment in psychopathy and rational decision-making in the ultimatum game (2010, background): “According to an evolutional theory, adherence to social norms or altruistic behaviors would help to build reciprocal relationships with others, which would play a functional role in survival through interpersonal interactions (Trivers, 1971).”
Find, Remind, and Bind: The Functions of Gratitude in Everyday Relationships (2012, background): “These earlier accounts of gratitude were economic in nature and, in line with Trivers (1971), rest on the consideration of resource distribution.”
Evolutionary games on graphs (2006, background): “ of the results. For example, the tournaments were repeated with some modiﬁcations in the population of strategies. The most remarkable investigations are related to the adaption of a dynamical rule (Trivers, 1971; Dawkins, 1976; Maynard Smith, 1978) that mimics Darwinian selection. This evolutionar”