A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap

By Doris Weichselbaumer, R. Winter‐Ebmer. Social Science Research Network, 2005

826 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Since the early seventies, hundreds of authors have calculated gender wage differentials between women and men of equal productivity. Consequently, estimates for the gender wage gap have been published for the most diverse countries at different points in time. This metastudy provides a quantitative review of this vast amount of empirical literature on gender wage discrimination as it concerns differences in methodology, data, countries and time periods. We place particular emphasis on a proper consideration of the quality of the underlying study which is done by a weighting with quality indicators. The results show that data restrictions have the biggest impact on the resulting gender wage gap. Moreover, we are able to show what effect a misspecification of the underlying wage equation – like the frequent use of potential experience – has on the calculated gender wage gap. Over time, raw wage differentials world-wide have fallen substantially; however, most of this decrease is due to an increased labor market productivity of females.

Subfields: Economics and Econometrics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4d83ef8f0dae64a022842dadceea45bddaf5ab45

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Citations in the corpus

The Career Costs of Children (2017, neutral): “In almost all developed countries, despite significant improvements over the last decades, women still earn less than men (see Blau and Kahn [1996] and Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer [2005] for evidence), they are often underrepresented in leading positions, and their careers develop”
Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 (2016, positive): “…w n lo ad ed b y [ G az i U n iv er si ty ] at 2 0 :4 0 1 6 F eb ru ar y 2 0 1 6 In this article, we use meta-analysis to summarise existing research in a systematic manner, drawing on the fact that all correspondence tests are conducted in a similar fashion (Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer 2005).”
Reciprocal Trade Agreements in Gravity Models: A Meta-Analysis (2010, neutral): “…and Krueger, 1995; Jarrel and Stanley, 1990; Stanley and Jarrel, 1998; Ashenfelter et al., 1999; Longhi et al, 2005; Nijkamp and Poot, 2005; and Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer, 2005), monetary economics (Knell and Stix, 2005) and international trade (Disdier and Head, 2004; Rose and Stanley,…”
Fast and Flexible Monotonic Functions with Ensembles of Lattices (2016, methodology): “For the constrained models, we set the function to be monotonically increasing in capital-gain, weekly hours of work and education level, and the gender wage gap [21].”
A Stata implementation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition (2008, methodology): “Most applications of the technique can be found in the labor market and discrimination literature (for meta studies see, e. g., Stanley and Jarrell 1998 or Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer 2005).”
Feminist Economics of Inequality, Development, and Growth (2009, background): “We consider first the perspective of mainstream economics that underlies the influential policy documents of the World Bank, including the 2006 World Development Report (hereafter WDR 2006) evaluated by Diane Elson (2009) in this volume.”
Competition and Gender Prejudice: Are Discriminatory Employers Doomed to Fail? (2009, neutral): “3In a meta analysis, Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2005, 2007) find that countries with a higher degree of product market competition and countries adopting equal opportunity legislation have smaller gender wage gaps, while countries with institutions that protect women from dangerous and…”
Controlling Attribute Effect in Linear Regression (2013, background): “The issue of gender income or wage gap, for instance, has been studied extensively in sociology and economics [10], [11].”
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Sexual Orientation on Earnings† (2015, methodology): “Recently, Jarrell and Stanley (2004) and Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2005) used meta-regression to assess the econometric studies of the effects of gender on earnings.”