AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification

By Svend K. Petersen-Mahrt, Reuben S. Harris, M. Neuberger. Nature, 2002

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Class-switch recombination: interplay of transcription, DNA deamination and DNA repair (2004, background): “First, enforced expression of AID in Escherichia coli , which are not expected to contain any putative mRNA substrates of AID, induced mutations in several bacterial gene”
Retroviral restriction by APOBEC proteins (2004, background): “Moreover, similar to AID, APOBEC3G can cause C/G to T/A transition mutations in DN”
Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. (2008, background): “UNG—Removal of the dU residues by enzymes within the BER pathway is required to introduce the DNA breaks necessary for CSR (11, 21, 38).”
Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation (2003, background): “coli , DT40 chicken B cells and in mice lacking Ung activity expressing endogenous levels of AI”
The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA (2003, background): “CEM15, as well as some other homologues such as AID and APOBEC1, can function as a DNA mutator in Escherichia coli”
R loops: from transcription byproducts to threats to genome stability. (2012, background): “R loops provide the appropriate substrate for the mutagenic action of specific DNA-modifying enzymes such as AID (Chaudhuri and Alt, 2004; Gómez-González and Aguilera, 2007; Petersen-Mahrt et al., 2002).”