Fixed and random effects.

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How researchers see this paper

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Exploring the Ups and Downs of Mathematics Engagement in the Middle Years of School (2015, background): “A random component means that it fluctuates over units in a population, and we intend to make conclusions about the population from which the units were drawn rather than about these specific units (Snijders, 2005).”
Sustainability of Circular Economy Indicators and Their Impact on Economic Growth of the European Union (2019, unknown): “For this, an F-test was performed [32,33].”
A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources (2012, methodology): “Based on these results, we used time as a fixed component in all models (Snijders, 2005).”
Meta-analytic Reviews in the Organizational Sciences: Two Meta-analytic Schools on the Way to MARS (the Meta-analytic Reporting Standards) (2013, methodology): “…when the true variance between studies is greater than zero, statistical problems (e.g., inflated Type I error rates) and inaccurate meta-analytic results (e.g., overly optimistic confidence intervals) may occur (Field 2005; Hedges and Vevea 1998; Hunter and Schmidt 2000; Schulze 2004).”
Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review (2007, result): “This procedure is more appropriate when attempting to generalize the results beyond the studies included in the analyses (Hedges & Vevea, 1998).”