Feeder Layer- and Serum-Free Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells1

By M. Amit, C. Shariki, V. Margulets, J. Itskovitz‐Eldor, B. Rappaport. Biology of Reproduction, 2004

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TGFβ/activin/nodal signaling is necessary for the maintenance of pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (2005, background): “Furthermore, TGFβ has recently been shown to contribute to a cocktail of growth factors that maintain the undifferentiated state of hESCs in feeder-free culture (Amit et al., 2004) and SMAD1/5 activation by BMP4 is known to induce trophoblast in the context of CM (Xu et al., 2002).”
Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways cooperate to maintain pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (2005, background): “Several studies suggest that FGF and TGF 1 could be potential candidates to regulate these mechanisms, however the function and the interaction of these pathways are still largely unexplored (Amit et al., 2000; Amit et al., 2004; Beattie et al., 2005; James et al., 2005; Schuldiner et al., 2000; Wan”
Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm (2005, background): “It appears that under conditions optimized for growth of undifferentiated hES cells, TGFβ ligands promote maintenance of pluripotenc”
Feeder-independent culture of human embryonic stem cells (2006, background): “At lower concentrations of FGFs, both activin and TGFβ have clear strong effects on human embryonic stem cell”
Human embryonic stem cells express an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acid (2005, methodology): “The use of a feeder-free system, such as Matrigel or other components of the extracellular matrices, have been explore”