Use of immunostimulants and nucleotides in aquaculture: a review

By E. Ringø, R. L. Olsen, J. G. Vecino, S. Wadsworth, S. Song. 2011

295 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Currently there are numerous gaps in existing knowledge about exogenous nucleotide application to fish including various aspects of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and influences on various physiological responses, especially expression of immunogenes and modulation of immunoglobulin production. Additional information is also needed in regard to age/size-related responses and appropriate doses and timing of administration. Thus further research in these areas should be pursued. Immunostimulants Abstract It is well established that proper nutrition is essential for maintenance of normal growth and health of all animals including various aquatic species. During the last two decades increased attention has focus on immunostimulants and nucleotides to reduce susceptibility to various stressors and diseases, as well as enhance the overall health of fish. The immune response can be modulated by β-glucans and high-M-alginate. β-glucans are glucose polymers that are major structural components of the cell wall of yeast, fungi, and bacteria, but also of cereals like oat and barley. There is much structural variation in the β-glucans from these different sources, which may influence their physiological functions. Alginate is a polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-glucuronic acid (G). In vitro as well as in vivo studies in fish show that especially β-glucans derived from fungi and yeast and alginate have immune modulating properties. Most frequently evaluated are effects on macrophage activation and on lysozyme, respiratory burst and leukocyte activity, which have been suggested to contribute to the increased resistance against infections, after immunostimulant exposure. Although more fish studies are needed, it is tempting to suggest that dietary β-glucans and alginate may be useful tools to prime the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens. As no knowledge is available regarding short versus long-term effects and efficiency, more knowledge is needed on this topic.

Subfields: Aquatic Science, Immunology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/431f6cc16319f4cc5cbe0b59e884246e69f27ad7

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Citations in the corpus

Host-Associated Probiotics: A Key Factor in Sustainable Aquaculture (2020, background): “These bioactive compounds boost the immune system of the host, and protect the host against wide range of pathogens (e.g. Bricknell and Dalmo 2005; Hoseinifar et al. 2015; Nawaz et al. 2018; Ringø et al. 2012).”
Application of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture: Importance, Mechanisms of Action, and Methods of Administration (2016, background): “…the intestinal microbiota, which have antagonistic properties, because of the formation of organic acids and bacteriocins (Ringø et al., 2010; Ringø et al., 2012); they alter the metabolism of microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids, increase sodium and water absorption, decrease…”
The effect of supplementation with polysaccharides, nucleotides, acidifiers and Bacillus strains in fish meal and soy bean based diets on growth performance in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (2015, background): “Some authors hypothesize that these functional additives are able to enhance mechanism of the immune system that in turn leads to resistance against pathogens and diseases (Dalmo and Bøgwald, 2008; Merrifield et al., 2010; Ringø et al., 2012).”
Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never‐ending story? (2016, background): “In their recent review devoted to immunostimulants and nucleotides, Ringø et al. (2012b) discussed the results on the effect of immunostimulants on Atlantic cod fry (Gildberg & Mikkelsen 1998), Atlantic cod larvae (Skjermo et al. 2006) and juvenile beluga (Huso huso) (Hoseinifar et al. 2011b).”