Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in phagocytic cells.

By Paul Cherukuri, S. Bachilo, S. Litovsky, R. Weisman. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004

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Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. (2005, background): “imaging microscopy (7) reported that macrophages can ingest”
A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. (2008, background): “However, biodistribution and imaging studies of SWNTs without ferric chlorid”
Carbon Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine: In vitro and in vivo Detection, Imaging and Drug Delivery (2009, methodology): “The emission range of SWNTs is 800 nm – 2000 nm [17, 23, 24], which covers the biological tissue transparency window, and is therefore suitable for biological imaging.”
Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. (2006, background): “Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are becoming increasingly studied, not only for their possible applications in the electronics, optics, and mechanical materials, but also in biological applications, such as imaging and drug delivery (Cherukuri et al., 2004).”
Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity (2007, background): “ sufficiently high doses of 400 µg/ml on human T cells [310], and 3.06 µg/cm2 on alveolar macrophages [308]. Cell cultures with added SWCNTs at much lower doses of 3.8 µg/ml did not show cytotoxicity [306]. However, dose related inflammation or cell death is not in agreement between various studies.”