Fungal β-Glucans and Mammalian Immunity

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Dectin‐1 mediates macrophage recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments (2005, background): “Dectin-1 is expressed widely on phagocytes including macrophages and dendritic cells and contributes to the immunological response to b-glucans (Brown and Gordon, 2003).”
Dectin-1 is required for host defense against Pneumocystis carinii but not against Candida albicans (2007, background): “The b-glucans are important cell wall components of fungi and yeasts; they consist of a backbone of polymerized b(1-3)-linked b-D-glucopyranosyl units and b(1-6)–linked side chains5 and are found in a wide-range of mushrooms, seaweeds, yeasts and pathogenic fungi.”
mTOR- and HIF-1α–mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity (2014, methodology): “We performed an unbiased assessment of whole-genome mRNA expression, histone methylation, and acetylation patterns after training human primary monocytes with b-glucan, the major Candida cell wall structure that mediates trained immunity, which induces nonspecific protection against both infections ”