Proactive and Reactive Aggression: A Developmental Perspective.

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Bullying and Victimization Among Native and Immigrant Adolescents in Norway (2009, background): “In the literature, two concepts are described as underlying mechanisms for aggressive behavior: reactive and proactive aggressiveness2 (e.g., Card & Little, 2006; Dodge, 1991; Dodge & Coie, 1987; Vitaro & Brendgen, 2005; Vitaro, Brendgen, & Barker, 2006).”
Proactive and Reactive Aggression (2016, background): “As such, there has been a call in the literature for more research comparing and contrasting measures of proactive and reactive aggression (e.g., Card and Little 2006; McAuliffe et al. 2007; Merk et al. 2005; Vitaro and Brendgen 2005).”
Proactive and Reactive Violence among Intimate Partner Violent Men Diagnosed with Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorder (2009, methodology): “Proactive or instrumental aggression has been described as a tool used to intimidate or dominate others or a “self-serving strategy of social control” (Little et al. 2003, p. 130; Vitaro and Brendgen 2005).”