A study of the difficulties of novice programmers

By E. Lahtinen, Kirsti Ala-Mutka, Hannu-Matti Järvinen. Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, 2005

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A Systematic Literature Review on Teaching and Learning Introductory Programming in Higher Education (2019, methodology): “Most of the surveys and systematic reviews on introductory programming teaching and learning do not cover research results after 2008 [1], [8]–[10], and focus more on teaching methods and tools than on student problems.”
Learning by Taking Apart: Deconstructing Code by Reading, Tracing, and Debugging (2016, background): “By contrast, in settings where it is important to program according to a specification ( to spec ), many people find it difficult to learn how to program; dropout and failure rates in computing courses are high [3, 21, 31, 39, 53].”
Introductory programming: a systematic literature review (2018, background): “Within this domain is a considerable body of work on the perceived difficulty of programming courses [355] and its relation to”