Relationship Between School Suspension and Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

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An Examination of Restorative Interventions and Racial Equity in Out-of-School Suspensions (2018, background): “Multivariate and longitudinal studies demonstrate that OSS is a risk factor for a host of short- and long-term negative consequences, including academic disengagement, weak academic achievement, school dropout, increased involvement in the juvenile justice system, and later arrest (Monahan, VanDerhe”
Effects of school resource officers on school crime and responses to school crime (2020, background): “Aside from their damaging effects on academic success (Noltemeyer et al., 2015), exclusionary responses to discipline increase the likelihood that youthwill become involved with the criminal justice system, as research summarized earlier demonstrates (Monahan et al., 2014; Mowen & Brent, 2016.”
Preparing for Life after High School: The Characteristics and Experiences of Youth in Special Education. Findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012. Volume 1: Comparisons with Other Youth. Executive Summary. NCEE 2017-4017. (2017, background): “Research has found that school engagement is positively associated with academic performance, whereas disengagement is negatively associated with these outcomes (Finn, 1989; Noltemeyer et al., 2015; Wang & Fredricks, 2014).”