When do industries cluster? A proposal on how to assess an industry's propensity to concentrate at a single region or nation

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The role of clustering in the growth of new technology-based firms (2010, background): “Thus, in sum, we propose that clusters embedded in more diversified (Jacobian) metropolitan areas lead to higher growth rates for NTBFs (H2) 4.3 Biotech sector benefits Although co-location benefits are firm-specific, they also can vary widely across industries (Steinle and Schiele 2002).”
Physical attraction and the geography of knowledge sourcing in multinational enterprises (2011, background): “…of activity in a field, and variations in the propensity of fields to cluster geographically (Almeida, 1996; Ellison and Glaeser, 1997; Frost, 2001; Steinle and Schiele, 2002), and for the effects of industry life cycles on local knowledge creation and accumulation (Gort and Klepper, 1982; Suárez…”
A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE MARITIME SECTOR IN NORWAY (2003, background): “It is a characteristic of clusters that they go beyond simply being a collection of nearby located firms (Krugman, 1991; Steinle and Schiele, 2002).”
Working with distant researchers—Distance and content in university–industry interaction (2010, unknown): “Convincing evidence that industry-level (Steinle & Schiele, 2002; Asheim & Gertler, 2005) and firm-level (Lemarié et al., 2001; Monjon & Waelbroeck, 2003) determinants affect the role of geography for knowledge flows has been offered.”