Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain

By M. Schwartz, D. Porte. Science, 2005

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Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins as multifunctional signals (2005, background): “There are an increasing number of hormonal-like molecules that when injected intracerebroventricularly affect the relationship between obesity and adult onset diabete”
Leptin directly activates SF1 neurons in the VMH, and this action by leptin is required for normal body-weight homeostasis. (2006, neutral): “Extensive neuroanatomical and electrophysiology studies have outlined neurocircuits that are hypothesized to be important in controlling energy homeostasis (Cone, 2005; Horvath, 2005; Schwartz and Porte, 2005; Seeley and Schwartz, 1999).”
Inflammation, Defective Insulin Signaling, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction as Common Molecular Denominators Connecting Type 2 Diabetes to Alzheimer Disease (2014, background): “The hypothalamus plays a key role in neuroendocrine interaction between the CNS and the periphery (65).”