Contributing to success in an introductory computer science course: a study of twelve factors

By B. Wilson, S. Shrock. Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 2001

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A media computation course for non-majors (2003, background): “A factor analysis considering a range of variables in∞uencing CS1 success, with completion as an outcome variable, suggests that comfort asking questions is the most critical factor for succeeding in CS1 [ 18 ].”
Programming: factors that influence success (2005, methodology): “Studies have also found prior programming experience and non-programming computer experience (for example, experience of computer applications, emailing, game playing and surﬁng the web) to be related to programming performance [9, 10, 6, 4, 18].”
Self-efficacy and mental models in learning to program (2004, methodology): “These include previous computing experience [2, 3, 15], comfort level [18], computer playfulness during training [11], computer self-efficacy [7], mathematics or science background [3, 18], students’ attributions of success [18], learning style [3, 16], and the student’s mental model of programming ”