Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing

By C. Monteiro. Public Health Nutrition, 2009

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Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review (2020, methodology): “2009] [9] 90-item FFQ Metabolic syndrome (MetS) (≥3 factor of high WC, HT, TAG, BG; low HDL) Trained personnel (assumed) Highest intake of UPF (>3rd quartile) was associated with higher MetS prevalence (PR = 2.”
Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses (2024, unknown): “23 We applied no language limitations.”
The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing (2017, background): “the University of São Paulo of which we are members, was first proposed in a Public Health Nutrition commentary in 2009((4)).”
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020, methodology): “Observational studies that reported a measure of association (risk estimates with CI or standard errors or sufficient data to calculate them) between the UPF consumption – defined by the NOVA Food Classification System (18,19) and evaluated by dietary recalls, food records or questionnaires – and he”