Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs

By Richard W. Carthew, E. Sontheimer. Cell, 2009

4,990 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Over the last decade, ∼20−30 nucleotide RNA molecules have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. Two primary categories of these small RNAs— short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)—act in both somatic and germline line-ages in a broad range of eukaryotic species to regulate endogenous genes and to defend the genome from invasive nucleic acids. Recent advances have revealed unexpected diversity in their biogenesis pathways and the regulatory mechanisms that they access. Our understanding of siRNA- and miRNA-based regulation has direct implications for fundamental biology as well as disease etiology and treatment.

Subfields: Cancer Research, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1b665161a3ed87632c6ae1f3efa6a5a7eae182ac

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In Cancer Research

1. John S. Mattick
2. Carlo Maria Croce
3. Marcel E. Dinger
4. Tim R. Mercer
5. M. Siomi
6. Thomas Tuschl
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In Molecular Biology

1. John S. Mattick
2. Marcel E. Dinger
3. Carlo Maria Croce
4. Tim R. Mercer
5. Thomas Tuschl
6. David P. Bartel
7. Ryan J. Taft
8. H. Siomi

Citations in the corpus

• Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay (2011, neutral): “jpg"/> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression that have important roles in a wide range of biological processes, including animal and plant development, cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and metabolis”
• DNA methylation mediated by a microRNA pathway. (2010, background): “Based upon their origins, structures, associated effector proteins, and biological functions, sRNAs are classified into three major categories: microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) (Carthew and Sontheimer, 2009).”
• RNA-based antiviral immunity (2010, background): “1b ), in which it was found that long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is diced progressively from the termini into a pool of 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes by the dsRNA-specific endoribonuclease (RNase) Dice”
• Unidirectional transfer of microRNA-loaded exosomes from T cells to antigen-presenting cells (2011, background): “MiRNAs are a large family of small (22–24 nucleotides long), non-coding RNAs that downregulate gene expression by preventing the translation of specific mRNA into protei”
• Posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA biogenesis in animals. (2010, background): “Although the final synthesis rate of a miRNA can, in principle, be controlled at any step of miRNA biogenesis, from transcription to mature miRNA turn over, recent findings have uncovered a significant role for posttranscriptional mechanisms in the regulation of miRNA biogenesis and activity (Carthe”
• miRNAs in human cancer (2010, background): “miRNA biogenesis has been reviewed extensively [47,58–64] (Figure 1).”
• Epigenetics and gene expression (2010, background): “These RNAs have been described in recent excellent reviews (Farazi et al., 2008; Amaral and Mattick, 2008; Carthew and Sontheimer, 2009; Malone and Hannon, 2009) and some are briefly addressed below. miRNAs (B22 nt long) are derived from imperfect hairpin structures present in long ncRNA precursors…”
• An adaptive epigenetic memory in conifers with important implications for seed production (2012, background): “miRNAs are non-coding, on average 21–22 nt long and derived from hairpin-structured single-stranded precursors transcribed from genetically defined loci (encoded in their own genome) (Axtell and Bowman, 2008; Carthew and Sontheimer, 2009; Lelandais-Brière et al., 2010).”
• Transgenerational response to stress in Arabidopsis thaliana (2010, background): “Although our work has some indications that such mechanism of stress memory inheritance exists, it remains to be established whether there is a difference in smRNAs pools from gametes of stressed and nonstressed plants; and whether there is a link large number of developmental, physiological and str”
• Evolution and Functional Diversification of MIRNA Genes (2011, background): “In animals, the pri-miRNA transcript is first processed by the RNase III domain–containing protein Drosha in association with the RNA binding protein encoded by DiGeorge syndrome Critical Region gene 8 (DGCR8), which binds to the lower stem region ofMIRNA foldbacks (Carthew and Sontheimer, 2009).”