The Hubble Deep Field North SCUBA Super-map - III. Optical and near-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies

By Adrian Pope, C. Borys, D. Scott, Christopher J. Conselice, Mark Dickinson, Bahram Mobasher Ubc, Caltech, Noao, Stsci. 2005

150 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We present a new submillimetre (submm) super-map in the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N) region (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North, GOODS-N, field), containing 40 statistically robust sources at 850 μm. This map contains additional data, and several new sources, including one of the brightest blank-sky extragalactic submm sources ever detected. We have used the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images and ground-based near-infrared (IR) observations from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), along with deep radio observations, to develop a systematic approach for counterpart identification. With the depth achieved by this survey, optical counterparts have been found for all the radio-detected (RD) submm sources. We have used the colours, morphologies and photometric redshifts of these secure identifications to help identify counterparts to the radio-undetected (RU) sources, finding that certain combinations of optical properties can be used to successfully identify the counterpart to a submm source. 72 per cent of our sources with optical coverage have a unique optical counterpart using our new techniques for counterpart identification and an additional 18 per cent have more than one possibility that meet our criteria in the ACS images. Thus, only ∼10 per cent of our sources lack a plausible optical/near-IR counterpart, meaning that we have the first sample of Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) sources that is nearly completely identified in the optical. We have found a much higher extremely red object (ERO) rate than other submm surveys, as a result of the increased depth in the optical images. The median photometric redshift (and quartile range), from optical and near-IR data, is 1.7 (1.3-2.5) for the RD submm sources and rises to 2.3 (1.3-2.7) for the RU subsample. We find interesting correlations between the 850-μm flux and both the ι 775 magnitude and the photometric redshift, from which there appears to be an absence of high-redshift faint counterparts to the lower flux density SCUBA sources. While the quantitative morphologies span a range of values, in general the submm galaxies show larger sizes and a higher degree of asymmetry than other galaxy populations at the same redshifts. In the Appendix, we discuss several improvements in our data analysis procedure, including methods of testing for source reliability.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

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DUSTY INFRARED GALAXIES: Sources of the Cosmic Infrared Background (2005, background): “The chain will also have to be applied to the tentative counterparts of radio-undetected SMGs that have been found using a certain combination of optical properties (Pope et al. 2005).”
A Spectroscopic Survey of Redshift 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 3.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field: Survey Description, Catalogs, and Properties (2006, unknown): “…R. Chary et al. 2006, in preparation), GALEX far- and near-UV imaging (Schiminovich et al. 2003), ground-based optical and near-IR imaging and spectroscopy (Capak et al. 2004; Cowie et al. 2004; Vanzella et al. 2005), and radio/submillimeter observations (Richards 2000; Pope et al. 2005).”
The Population of BzK-selected ULIRGs at z ~ 2 (2005, background): “Only one of the 131 sources appears in the list of Pope et al. (2005), with a flux of 4 mJy.”
The LABOCA survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: A photometric redshift survey of submillimetre galaxies (2010, methodology): “…identified through statistical arguments and physical correlations based on radio, mid- or near-IR emission (e.g. Ivison et al. 1998, 2000, 2005; Smail et al. 1999; Pope et al. 2005; Bertoldi et al. 2007; Hainline et al. 2009; Biggs et al. 2011), but these locate only ∼60–80 per cent of SMGs.”
A HIGHLY CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAR-FORMING “MAIN SEQUENCE” FROM z ∼ 0–6 (2014, background): “…Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS; Rieke et al. 2004); submillimeter from the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA; Holland et al. 1999) maps of Borys et al. (2003) and Pope et al. (2005); and radio from Very Large Array (VLA) observations taken from an early Morrison et al. (2010) catalog.”
COSBO: The MAMBO 1.2 Millimeter Imaging Survey of the COSMOS Field (2007, result): “We find that the redshift distribution for the COSMOS sample (including lower limits for radio nondetections) is similar to that found for previous SCUBA or MAMBO surveys, with a peak at z 2:5, and most of the sources being between z 1:5 and 3 (e.g., Dannerbauer et al. 2004; Pope et al. 2005).”
BLAST: RESOLVING THE COSMIC SUBMILLIMETER BACKGROUND (2009, methodology): “The map used here was produced by Borys et al. (2003), combining data from several different groups, and extended by Pope et al. (2005), covering an area of approximately 0.06 square degrees.17 The noise in these maps is not uniform, varying from approximately 0.5 17 The SCUBA map of GOODS-N used…”
Early and Rapid Merging as a Formation Mechanism of Massive Galaxies: Empirical Constraints (2005, background): “…that have been studied show that these systems are large galaxies that are undergoing major mergers (Conselice et al. 2003c; Chapman et al. 2003; Pope et al. 2005), with preliminary indications that the sub-mm sources are involved in a more active phase of a merger than the most massive LBGs…”
The X-Ray Spectral Properties of SCUBA Galaxies (2005, background): “However, due to a considerable amount of intensive multiwavelength follow-up effort, it is becoming clear that almost all are dust-enshrouded luminous galaxies at z > 1 (e.g., Ivison et al. 1998, 2000; Barger et al. 1999b; Chapman et al. 2003a, 2005; Simpson et al. 2004; Pope et al. 2005).”
MOST SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES ARE MAJOR MERGERS (2010, background): “…carried out with SCUBA (Holland et al. 1999) and MAMBO (Kreysa et al. 1998) revealed a high-redshift (z∼ 1-3.5) population of sub-millimetre-luminous (S850µm ≥ 5 mJy) galaxies (SMGs hereafter; see e.g. Greve et al. 2004; Coppin et al. 2005; Chapman et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2005; Weiss et al. 2009).”
Submillimeter Galaxies at z ~ 2: Evidence for Major Mergers and Constraints on Lifetimes, IMF, and CO-H2 Conversion Factor (2008, background): “5 have been unveiled through their high submillimeter flux densities (e.g., Smail et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2003, 2005; Pope et al. 2005).”
TWO BRIGHT SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES IN A z = 4.05 PROTOCLUSTER IN GOODS-NORTH, AND ACCURATE RADIO-INFRARED PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS (2008, methodology): “This would make a total of eight plausible z > 3.5 SMGs in GOODS-N in a total area of roughly 50−100 arcmin2 covered with SCUBA (with a highly inhomogeneous coverage; see, e.g., Pope et al. 2005), or roughly 200−300 galaxies deg−2.”
A Herschel view of the far-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies (2012, unknown): “1999; Dannerbauer et al. 2002; Ivison et al. 2002; Pope et al. 2005; Bertoldi et al. 2007; Biggs et al. 2011).”
AzTEC millimetre survey of the COSMOS field – I. Data reduction and source catalogue (2008, methodology): “The identification of radio counterparts has often been used to improve on the positional uncertainty of SMGs (e.g. Ivison et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2003, 2005; Pope et al. 2005, 2006; Ivison et al. 2007).”
The Link between Submillimetre Galaxies and Luminous Ellipticals: Near-Infrared IFU Spectroscopy of Submillimetre Galaxies (2006, background): “…has made it possible to study the morphologies and colours of highredshift far-infrared luminous galaxies identified in the sub-millimetre (submm) waveband in unprecedented levels of detail (Smail et al. 1998, 2002; Chapman et al. 2003b; Smail et al. 2004; Pope et al. 2005; Almaini et al. 2005).”
The Hubble Deep Field-North SCUBA Super-map - IV. Characterizing submillimetre galaxies using deep Spitzer imaging (2006, methodology): “5σ at 850µm (Borys et al. 2003, Pope et al. 2005).”
Mid-Infrared Spectral Diagnosis of Submillimeter Galaxies (2007, background): “This idea is also consistent with morphological studies that show that SMGs are often tidally disrupted systems (Chapman et al. 2003; Conselice et al. 2003; Pope et al. 2005).”