TWO BRIGHT SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES IN A z = 4.05 PROTOCLUSTER IN GOODS-NORTH, AND ACCURATE RADIO-INFRARED PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS

By E. Daddi, H. Dannerbauer, Daniel Stern, Mark Dickinson, G. Morrison, D. Elbaz, M. Giavalisco, C. Mancini, Adrian Pope, H. Spinrad. 2008

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We present the serendipitous discovery of molecular gas CO emission lines with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer coincident with two luminous submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North (GOODS-N) field. The identification of the millimeter emission lines as CO[4–3] at z = 4.05 is based on the optical and near-IR photometric redshifts, radio-infrared photometric redshifts, and Keck+DEIMOS optical spectroscopy. These two galaxies include the brightest submillimeter source in the field (GN20; S850 μm = 20.3 mJy, zCO = 4.055 ± 0.001) and its companion (GN20.2; S850 μm = 9.9 mJy, zCO = 4.051 ± 0.003). These are among the most distant submillimeter-selected galaxies reliably identified through CO emission and also some of the most luminous known. GN20.2 has a possible additional counterpart and a luminous active galactic nucleus inside its primary counterpart revealed in the radio. Continuum emission of 0.3 mJy at 3.3 mm (0.65 mm in the rest frame) is detected at 5σ for GN20, the first dust continuum detection in an SMG at such long wavelength, unveiling a spectral energy distribution that is similar to local ultra luminous IR galaxies. In terms of CO to bolometric luminosities, stellar mass, and star formation rates (SFRs), these newly discovered z > 4 SMGs are similar to z ∼ 2–3 SMGs studied to date. These z ∼ 4 SMGs have much higher specific star formation rates than those of typical B-band dropout Lyman break galaxies at the same redshift. The stellar mass–SFR correlation for normal galaxies does not seem to evolve much further, between z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 4. A significant z = 4.05 spectroscopic redshift spike is observed in GOODS-N, and a strong spatial overdensity of B-band dropouts and IRAC selected z > 3.5 galaxies appears to be centered on the GN20 and GN20.2 galaxies. This suggests a protocluster structure with total mass ∼1014 M☉. Using photometry at mid-IR (24 μm), submillimeter (850 μm), and radio (20 cm) wavelengths, we show that reliable photometric redshifts (Δz/(1 + z) ∼ 0.1) can be derived for SMGs over 1 ≲ z ≲ 4. This new photometric redshift technique has been used to provide a first estimate of the space density of 3.5 < z < 6 hyper-luminous starburst galaxies, and to show that they both contribute substantially to the SFR density at early epochs and that they can account for the presence of old galaxies at z ∼ 2–3. Many of these high-redshift starbursts will be within reach of Herschel. We find that the criterion S1.4 GHz ≳ S24 μm, coupled to optical, near-IR and mid-IR photometry, can be used to select z > 3.5 starbursts, regardless of their submillimeter/millimeter emission.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

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Citations in the corpus

SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES AS PROGENITORS OF COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES (2014, background): “…selection techniques have however uncovered a substantial tail stretching out to redshifts of z ∼ 6 (Capak et al. 2008; Schinnerer et al. 2008; Daddi et al. 2009a,b; Knudsen et al. 2010; Carilli et al. 2010, 2011; Riechers et al. 2010; Cox et al. 2011; Combes et al. 2012; Yun et al. 2012;…”
Panchromatic spectral energy distributions of Herschel sources (2013, background): “2011; Rodighiero et al. 2011; Wuyts et al. 2011b; Daddi et al. 2009, 2007; Elbaz et al. 2007), likely supported by accretion of gas from the intergalactic medium (e.g. Davé et al. 2010, and references therein).”
Cosmic evolution of submillimeter galaxies and their contribution to stellar mass assembly (2009, methodology): “It has been confirmed that such distant SMGs exist (Capak et al., 2008; Knudsen et al., 2008a, 2010; Schinnerer et al., 2008; Coppin et al., 2009; Daddi et al., 2009b,a).”
VERY HIGH GAS FRACTIONS AND EXTENDED GAS RESERVOIRS IN z = 1.5 DISK GALAXIES (2009, methodology): “However, the available data is still consistent with the picture thatt e correlation extends to earlier epochs (3.5< z< 7) with a normalization similar to that seen atz= 2 (Daddi et al. 2009; Stark et al. 2009, Gonzales et al. 2009).”
GOODS-HERSCHEL: STAR FORMATION, DUST ATTENUATION, AND THE FIR–RADIO CORRELATION ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES UP TO z ≃ 4 (2014, background): “…SSFR tends to keep increasing up to the highest redshift, without any evidence ofthe possible flattening at z≥2 obtained in previous studies (e.g., Daddi et al. 2009; Stark et al. 2009; González et al. 2010), which were based on star formation rate estimates derived from…”
ALMA REDSHIFTS OF MILLIMETER-SELECTED GALAXIES FROM THE SPT SURVEY: THE REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION OF DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2013, methodology): “…prescribed to be consistent with the observed redshift distribution from radio-identified DSFGs including recent spectroscopic data from the literature (Chapman et al. 2005; Capak et al. 2008; Coppin et al. 2009; Daddi et al. 2009a,b; Riechers et al. 2010; Banerji et al. 2011; Walter et al. 2012).”
IDENTIFYING LUMINOUS ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN DEEP SURVEYS: REVISED IRAC SELECTION CRITERIA (2012, background): “1 (Daddi et al. 2009b), the EGS source LESS J033229.”
THE IMPACT OF COLD GAS ACCRETION ABOVE A MASS FLOOR ON GALAXY SCALING RELATIONS (2009, background): “Figure 6(a) shows the model sSFR as a function of redshift for galaxies of different stellar masses, M⋆ = 10 9.5, 1010 and 1010.5 M⊙, in comparison with observed sSFR for M⋆ in the range 10 10 − 1010.5 M⊙ by Daddi et al. (2009); Damen et al. (2009a) and Pannella et al. (2009).”
A MASSIVE MOLECULAR GAS RESERVOIR IN THE z = 5.3 SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AzTEC-3 (2010, background): “Their star formation rates (SFRs) exceed those of ‘normal’ high-z galaxies with comparable stellar mass (M⋆) by more than an order of magnitude at z∼2 (e.g., Daddi et al. 2009), making them a comparatively rare, but cosmologically important population.”
THE EVOLVING INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES SINCE z = 2 AS PROBED BY THEIR INFRARED SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS (2012, methodology): “It is one of the best-studied SMGs to date, the most luminous and also one of the most distant (z = 4.05, Pope et al. 2006, Daddi et al. 2009) in the GOODS-N field.”
On the origin of the galaxy star‐formation‐rate sequence: evolution and scatter (2009, background): “In particular, the study of Daddi et al. (2009a) measured the SFR sequence for B-band dropouts at z 4, which were found to be only marginally higher than those measured at z 2.”
Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at High Redshift (2014, background): “Along with these SMGs, numerous Lyman break galaxies reside within 25′′ of GN20 (distance separation of 170 kpc), corresponding to an overdensity of ∼6σ (Daddi et al., 2009) (Fig.”
Cool Gas in High-Redshift Galaxies (2013, methodology): “Like in the case of the quasar host galaxies, it has been proposed that the SMGs pinpoint the formation of a massive galaxy at high redshift (Swinbank et al. 2006, Daddi et al. 2009a,b, Hickox et al. 2012).”
An Extreme Protocluster of Luminous Dusty Starbursts in the Early Universe (2017, background): “…et al. 2014, 2015; Yuan et al. 2014; Casey et al. 2015; FloresCacho et al. 2016; Hung et al. 2016; Planck Collaboration et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016) but those reported at z 4 are much less extreme and typically contain only one DSFG (Daddi et al. 2009; Capak et al. 2011; Walter et al. 2012).”
Cold gas properties of the Herschel Reference Survey - II. Molecular and total gas scaling relations (2014, methodology): “Figure 9 shows the relationship between the molecular gas depletion timescaleτH2 and the SSFR for the HRS and COLD GASS galaxies and high-redshift star-forming and starburst objects taken from Tacconi et al. (2008), Daddi et al. (2009a, 2009b), Genzel et al. (2010), and Combes et al. (2013).”
Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation (2014, background): “…galaxies (SMGs) revealed that their very intense SFR (∼1000 M /yr) is also driven by a SFE boosted by a factor of 10 with respect to normal star-forming galaxies in the local Universe (e.g., Greve et al. 2005; Frayer et al. 2008; Daddi et al. 2009a,b), likely induced by a major merger.”