Has the Price of Motherhood Declined Over Time? A Cross‐Cohort Comparison of the Motherhood Wage Penalty

By Sarah A. Avellar, P. Smock. 2003

210 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Demography, Gender Studies, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/12df2e96571430c1ab373c2648686f34179f6fd5

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Demography

1. Youngjoo Cha
2. Kim A. Weeden
3. Joya Misra
4. Irene Boeckmann
5. Meiyan Wang
6. Yuping Zhang
7. E. Hannum
8. P. Dykstra

In Gender Studies

1. Kim A. Weeden
2. Youngjoo Cha
3. Joya Misra
4. Irene Boeckmann
5. Meiyan Wang
6. Yuping Zhang
7. E. Hannum
8. P. Dykstra

In Sociology and Political Science

1. Kim A. Weeden
2. Youngjoo Cha
3. Joya Misra
4. Irene Boeckmann
5. Meiyan Wang
6. Yuping Zhang
7. E. Hannum
8. P. Dykstra

Citations in the corpus

• Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma (2013, unknown): “Most research confirms that motherhood is associated with an earnings penalty (e.g., Avellar & Smock, 2003; Glauber, 2008, Lundberg & Rose, 2000; Millimet, 2000).”
• Long Work Hours, Part-Time Work, and Trends in the Gender Gap in Pay, the Motherhood Wage Penalty, and the Fatherhood Wage Premium (2016, background): “…mothers earn less than observationally similar childless women (Pal and Waldfogel, this volume; Waldfogel 1998; Budig and England 2001; Avellar and Smock 2003; Gangl and Ziefle 2009; Staff and Mortimer 2012; Cooke 2014; Kahn, GarciaManglano, and Bianchi 2014), and fathers earn more than…”
• Childlessness and Parenthood in Two Centuries (2007, background): “Avellar and Smock (2003) provided arguments for why the so-called motherhood penalty might decline over time: decreased employer discrimination, increased contributions by husbands to child care and housework, and the introduction of family-friendly policies.”
• Work–Family Policy Trade-Offs for Mothers? Unpacking the Cross-National Variation in Motherhood Earnings Penalties (2016, background): “…has established the impact of children on women’s earnings and the individual-level factors that shape this relationship (Anderson et al., 2003; Avellar & Smock, 2003; Budig & England, 2001; Budig & Hodges, 2010; Lundberg & Rose, 2000; SigleRushton & Waldfogel, 2004; Waldfogel, 1998a, 1998b).”
• Gender-Based Employment and Income Differences in Urban China: Considering the Contributions of Marriage and Parenthood (2008, methodology): “A cross-cohort comparison that also used National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data finds that the penalty has not diminished over time, even after controlling for human capital and other unobserved heterogeneity (Avellar and Smock 2003).”