Childlessness and Parenthood in Two Centuries

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Childlessness and Psychological Well-Being in Midlife and Old Age: An Examination of Parental Status Effects Across a Range of Outcomes (2009, background): “…and both depression and loneliness supports the contention that children seem of limited relevance as “old age insurance” in Nordic welfare states, where retirement benefits, health care, and social services make older adults less dependent on their adult offspring (Dykstra & Hagestad, 2007b).”
The older, the lonelier? Risk factors for social loneliness in old age (2010, background): “In addition, childless women have more friendships than other women (Dykstra and Hagestad 2007; Wenger 2009).”
Parenthood and Happiness: a Review of Folk Theories Versus Empirical Evidence (2011, unknown): “Because childlessness has been shown to increase the risk of facing support deficits and using formal services when it coincides with widowhood and poor health (e.g., Dykstra and Hagestad 2007a), single elderly persons that are also childless may be at particular risk of low well-being.”